The incommunicable piping store in North America has seen titanic increase over the last 30 years in the use of thermoplastic materials. Benefits such as corrosion resistance, improved hydraulics, and reduced factory costs have been paying large dividends for owners of watermain, antiseptic and storm sewer systems.
The most widely used and suitable of this group of nonmetallic polymers is Polyvinyl Chloride, also known as 'Pvc' or 'vinyl'. Vinyl has a flourishing track-record in the application of incommunicable pipe dating back to the rebuilding of post-Wwi Germany. It has long been carefully to be one of the most durable polymers for both incommunicable and above-ground piping systems.
3000 Psi
Another thermoplastic used in the incommunicable pipe store is High-Density Polyethylene (Hdpe). This material has been used for well pipe, gas piping and drainage tubing before new entry into the watermain and sewage forcemain markets.
Hdpe and Pvc are remarkably similar in their nature of responses to such stress loadings as internal pressure and soil loads. Although responses are similar, they are not identical. In fact the magnitudes of their respective strengths are dramatically different.
This description is intended to research some of the similarities and differences between the construct of Pvc and Hdpe in terms of the application of incommunicable pressure piping.
Pressure Rating
The long-term pressure rating of a thermoplastic pipe is defined as the maximum internal pressure at which the pipe can operate continuously. The ratings of both Pvc and Hdpe are found using the Iso Equation for thermoplastics:
Equation (1) P = 2S / (Dr-1)
where P = pressure rating of the pipe
S = construct stress of pipe material
Dr = dimension ratio of the pipe, (Od/t)
The main discrepancy between Pvc and Hdpe pressure capacity lies in the value of the construct stress. For Pvc 1120 compounds, the construct stress is 2000 psi while that of Hdpe 3408 is only 800 psi. These construct stresses were both derived in exactly the same fashion. A factor of safety of 2.0 was applied to the long-term hydrostatic vigor (i.e. The Hydrostatic construct Basis - Hdb) of each material. The Hdb for Pvc 1120 is 4000 psi while that of Hdpe 3408 is 1600 psi.
The following examples explain the use of the Iso Equation to decree pressure ratings.
Example 1 - Find pressure ratings of Dr21 pipe for both (a) Pvc, and (b) Hdpe.
Solution - use equation (1)
P = 2S / (Dr-1)
(a) for Pvc, S = 2000 psi
Substituting, P = (2) x (2000 psi) / (21 - 1)
= 200 psi
(b) for Hdpe, S = 800 psi
Substituting, P = (2) x (800 psi) / (21 - 1)
= 80 psi
Example 2 - (a) Find the pressure rating of Pvc Dr41 and then (b) find the equivalent Dr of Hdpe to yield the same rating.
Solution - use equation (1)
(a) P = 2S / (Dr-1)
= (2 x 2000 psi) / (41-1)
= 100 psi
(b) rearranging equation (1),
Dr = (2S / P) + 1
= [(2 x 800 psi) / 100 psi] + 1
= 17
Therefore, to gather a 100 psi pressure pipe, the 2 options would be Pvc - Dr41 or Hdpe - Dr17.
The following points can be terminated from the above information:
(a) The ratio of Pvc to Hdpe in terms of tensile vigor is equal to the ratio of the construct stresses, i.e. 2000:800 which is 2.5:1, and
(b) The wall thickness of Hdpe must be 2.5 times thicker than that of Pvc to gather pipe with equal pressure ratings.
Below is a summary of long-term pressure ratings for both Pvc and Hdpe derived using the Iso Equation and a S.F. Of 2.0.
Table 1 - Pressure Ratings
Pvc Hdpe
Dr Rating (psi) Dr Rating (psi)
51 80 21 80
41 100 17 100
32.5 125 13.5 128
25 165 11 160
21 200 9 200
18 235 7.3 254
14 305 6.3 300
Although Csa B137.3, Awwa C905 and Astm D2241 all use a S.F. = 2.0, there is one Pvc suitable that uses a S.F. = 2.5, namely Awwa C900-97 (note - this suitable will soon be changing to be similar to Awwa C905). As well in this C900 standard, the pipe is further de-rated by a 2 ft/s surge. (Designers should not confuse the 'Pressure Class' terminology of C900 with the long-term ratings of Hdpe.) If one wishes to select a Hdpe pipe that is equivalent to a singular Pvc Pressure Class, the same construct criteria should be used to decree a Pressure Class of Hdpe. In other words, the construct stress must be derived using S.F. = 2.5, and the pipe must be de-rated with the surge of a 2 ft/s velocity. To decree equivalent pressure classes of Hdpe and Pvc, refer to Table 3 presented later in the text and use Equation (2) shown below.
Equation (2) P.C.= P'- 2 Ps
Where P.C. = pressure class of pipe
P' = pressure rating of pipe using S.F. = 2.5
Ps = surge pressure for 1 fps velocity change
Note: Ps for Pvc and Hdpe are given in Table 3.
Example 3 - (a) Find the pressure class of Dr25 Pvc and (b) find the Dr of Hdpe to give the same pressure class.
Solution - First solve for new construct stresses.
Pvc: S = Hdb / S.F.
= 4000 psi / (2.5)
= 1600 psi
Hdpe: S = Hdb / S.F.
= 1600 psi / (2.5)
= 640 psi
Now use equation (2) and the values of Table 3 to solve.
(a) Pvc Dr25
P.C. = [2S / (Dr-1)] - 2 Ps
= [(2)(1600 psi) / (25-1)] - (2)(14.7 psi)
= 100 psi
(b) Hdpe - trial and error using equation (2)
try Dr11,
P.C. = (2) (640 psi) / (11-1) - (2)(13.4 psi)
= 100 psi
Below is a table of minimum Dr's of Hdpe to be equivalent to the pressure classes of Pvc as defined in Awwa C900.
Table 2 - Pressure Class Dr's
Pressure Class (psi) Pvc-Dr Hdpe-Dr
100 25 11
150 18 7.3
200 14 6.3
Surges
Another titanic benefit of using thermoplastic piping is that surges created are lower than those linked with more rigid materials such as metallic or concrete cylinder pipe. The possible flexible nature of thermoplastics allows transient shock waves to be categorically dampened and absorbed. This minimizes surge effects on the whole system.
Positive pressure surges in pipelines can be approximated by using the following two equations.
Equation (3) a = 4660 / [1 + (k/E)(Dr-2)]^0.5
where,
a = wavespeed of surge wave (fps)
k = fluid bulk modulus (= 300 000 psi for water)
E = modulus of elasticity of pipeline material (psi)
Dr = dimension ratio (= Od/t)
Equation (4) Ps = aV / (2.31) g
where,
Ps = pressure surge (psi)
a = wavespeed (fps)
V = velocity (fps)
g = acceleration due to gravity
= 32.2 ft/s^2
The Modulus of Elasticity of Pvc 1120 at 73.4°F is 400 000 psi, while that for Hdpe 3408 is 115 000 psi. The table below summarizes the surge pressures improbable for every 1 ft/s instantaneous velocity convert in both Pvc and Hdpe. For velocities other than 1 ft/s, the surge will be equal to the values in the table multiplied by the actual velocity in ft/s (i.e. If V = 3 ft/s, surge = 3 times the table value for the given material and Dr).
Table 3 - One Ft/s Surges
Pvc Hdpe
(E=400 000 psi) (E=115 000 psi)
Dr Ps (psi) Dr Ps (psi)
51 10.8 21 8.8
41 11.4 17 9.9
32.5 12.8 13.5 11.3
25 14.7 11 12.7
21 16.0 9 14.3
18 17.4 7.3 16.3
14 19.8 6.3 17.9
Although Hdpe is by nature a more flexible material than is Pvc, the surges created in pipe of equivalent pressure ratings are very similar. For example, for a 100 psi pipeline, the surge created by a 1 ft/s velocity convert would be 11.4 psi for Dr41 Pvc and 9.9 psi for Dr17 Hdpe.
Overall, the surges for both materials are well below the values of metallic pipe which typically create surges of 50+ psi for every 1 ft/s instantaneous velocity change. Continuous pressure surges should not be ignored in any pressure pipeline design, regardless of material.
Buckling Resistance
The ability of a soil surrounding a flexible pipe to develop the pipe is numerically known as the Soil Stiffness (E'). E' numbers are derived empirically to record the ability of soil and degree of compaction as a 'psi' value. E' values are described in detail in standards Astm D 2321 or Csa B182.11. A brief summary is presented below.
Table 4 - Soil Stiffness
Soil Stiffness E' (psi) Material Compaction (S.P.D.)
3000 Manuf. Angular 90%
2000 Clean Sand/Gravel 90%
1000 Sand/Gravel/Fines 90%
500 Sand/Gravel/Fines 85%
Buckling may occur in any pipe if the total load in the inward direction (i.e. Static soil + traffic + vacuum) exceeds the vital buckling resistance of the pipe. A thermoplastic pipe must be designed to have enough vigor to resist inward structural collapse, or buckling. titanic vigor can be added to any pipe's resistance by having solid lateral soil maintain in the Haunch Zone of a buried pipe trench, i.e. A high soil stiffness.
Below is a summary of the vital buckling strengths of discrete Dr's of Pvc and Hdpe for (a) Pcr, an unsupported condition (i.e. Subaqueous or above-ground) and (b) Pb, a buried trench condition with a specified soil stiffness, E' (for this example, = 500 psi).
Table 5 - Buckling Strengths
Pvc Dr Pcr (psi) Pb (psi)
14 425.8 530.6
18 190.2 354.6
21 117.0 278.1
25 67.4 211.1
32.5 29.8 140.4
41 14.6 98.3
51 7.3 69.5
Hdpe Dr Pcr (psi) Pb (psi)
6.3 266.2 419.6
7.3 171.2 336.5
9 91.4 245.8
11 50.0 181.8
13.5 27.0 133.6
17 17.6 107.9
21 7.2 69.0
26 3.8 50.1
32.5 2.0 36.4
To research a typical situation, a pressure pipeline is buried 10 feet in soil with a density of 120 lb/ft^3 and subjected to a momentary negative 10 psi vacuum due to a transient shockwave. A total negative load of (-)18.3 psi would be created. As can be seen from the above table, this negative pressure would exceed some of the Pcr values of Pvc (Dr41 and 51) as well as Hdpe (Dr17, 21, 26 and 32.5). By having a minimum soil stiffness of 500 psi, the values of Pb for all Dr's of both materials will categorically exceed the total negative load and buckling will not occur.
If any of these pipes happened to have vital voids in their backfill, it is conceivable that buckling failure could occur. It is imperative that lower pressure rated thermoplastic pipe be installed so as to have a minimum soil stiffness, E', of 500 psi. Voids in the haunch maintain zone can be prevented by using permissible bedding material and light compaction. This point is especially relevant if ever considering assembling thermoplastic pipe above the trench and rolling it in before backfilling. Buckling is a situation far less likely to occur if the pipe is installed using a approved open trench with moderate compaction beside the pipe as the line factory progresses.
Summary
To do a suitable comparison of Pvc and Hdpe, many other factors would have to be carefully such as: material cost, factory cost, connection methods, and manufacturing test requirements. The designer should also ensure that each material has a flourishing track description for the application being considered.
This description has offered a snapshot comparison of the 2 thermoplastic materials used most often for pressure pipe in North America - Pvc and Hdpe. The capacity of each material was visible in terms of their pressure ratings, surge doing and buckling resistance to allow designer an equal comparison between Pvc and Hdpe.
Pvc and Hdpe - Similar Yet distinct
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